An Ethnographic Investigation Of Listening Behavior Japan...

1. Introduction At the core of this research project is an ethnographic investigation of listening behaviour in Japan and the UK. I will adopt different types of ethnography; analyses of TV dramas, participant observation in universities, restaurants, cafes and pubs, observation and interviewing of occupational listeners such as hostesses and priests, and analyses of internet fora. I aim to analyse the different cultural expression and the tacit rules of listening in interactive communication. I do so not from a communication studies perspective, but an anthropological one. 2. Research questions and aims In face-to-face conversations, people seem to know how to behave as a listener both consciously and unconsciously. Sociologist Erving Goffman (1990) notes that performers have tacit consent to behave and control their images to audiences, but listeners can also be said to follow unwritten rules, using listening behaviour to present themselves or to pretend to be listening. Thus, listening may be not passive behaviour, but an active one and listeners might be creative, cooperative or even strategic. In communication studies, researchers have started to characterise listening as active behaviour. However, these studies are incomplete analyses to understand the active listening or the dynamics of listening behaviour. They deal with an issue of motivation or individual characteristics, but do not take account of intrinsic rules of listening or hardly noticeable strategies ofShow MoreRelatedIllegal Downloads and the Affect on the Film Industry13468 Words   |  54 Pagesare not necessarily those of the compilers or the LSE. MSc Dissertation Theodore Giletti Why pay if it’s free? Streaming, downloading, and digital music consumption in the â€Å"iTunes era† Theodore Giletti ABSTRACT This research study is an investigation into the consumption of digital music. Rapid growth in the market for digital music has been led by the rise in popularity of online download stores such as iTunes and streaming services. Consumers now have the option to acquire songs from a varietyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pageschildren do much of the day. This area of development describes many avenues for young children’s play, engagement with others, exploration, and learning. Health Domain Young children’s development of health knowledge, attitudes, habits, and behaviors is receiving increasing attention in research and practice. The health foundations are divided into the following three strands: †¢ Health Habits, which cover basic hygiene, oral health, knowledge of wellness, and sun safety †¢ Safety, whichRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesindeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theoryRead More THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES65118 Words   |  261 Pagesrelative and depends on the individual or group of students who are evaluating it. Thus, any standardising of information quality has to match to a considerable large group of students’ cognitive structures. This research provides an empirical investigation of the relationship b etween information quality and student learning outcomes. Data for this study were collected by means of questionnaires through the survey manager in the Blackboard Learning System and were evaluated through a combination ofRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesAires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesthat directly affect consumer preferences B) all needs and wants of customers C) all direct or indirect interactions between the customer and the company D) all interactions between customers and competitors E) all factors that affect buying behavior Answer: C Page Ref: 17 Objective: 4 Difficulty: Moderate 49) Which of the following holds that consumers prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive? A) the product concept B) the production concept C) the selling concept

Cyber Warfare Is The New Warfare Domain - 1528 Words

During times of war, the United States should preemptively attack the opposing country using their cyber warfare capabilities. II. Explanation of thesis and short summary. Cyber warfare is the new warfare domain. Understanding how to morally utilize the newfound capabilities will assist the United States to maintain military dominance as well as mitigate possible immoral tragedies. Cyber warfare and war envelops a vast array of topics available for discussion. Therefore, the topics of interest within cyber warfare will be confined to attacks on electrical grids and water treatment plants. War will be defined as in the constitution, a war that is declared by the U.S. congress or a conflict the President of the United States deems†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the United States has the opportunity to utilize cyber warfare in order to maintain their military dominance. If the United States neglects the cyber warfare, the country leaves itself vulnerable to cyber-attacks conducted on the U.S. by enemy nations. In warfare, countries use the tools available in order attack and counter the opposing country as they seem fit. Therefore, implem enting multiple moral constructs to the cyber community’s capability is necessary as the nature of warfare develops. Many value systems allow for cyber-attacks to be justified as a moral means of warfare. Therefore, the second argument is the Utilitarian construct permits a cyber-attack on an opposing country’s electrical grids and water treatment plants. Utilitarian construct values a moral act that maximizes net utility, cashed out as happiness. The American public’s happiness in war is maximized by keeping the most amount of American soldiers alive and unwounded. American’s value the lives of their warriors, so if the government’s choices during war sacrifice a mass amount of American lives, the sentiment for their efforts become foul in the eyes of the public. Logically, a preemptive attack on the opposing country allows the United States to create dominance on the battlegrounds before troops are on the ground. The attack provides the U.S . government the option to conduct warfare while minimizing the sacrifice of AmericanShow MoreRelatedCyber Warfare And Global Affairs1543 Words   |  7 Pagessteal information. Even countries are using the cyber domain as a separate battlefield to fulfill their missions and acquire information. Cyberwar is relatively a new term to describe: an Internet-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. But the definition is constantly evolving with time and the more knowledge the public acquires about these conflicts. 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Economic Growth and the Population Dynamics

Question: Discuss about the Economic Growth and the Population Dynamics? Answer: Introduction: The global energy demand is dependent upon the economic growth and the population dynamics of the countries. It has also been identified that the global energy depends on the supplies of the fossil fuels. However, these energies are distributed across all global regions. Presently, the industrialised countries are increasing higher demand of utilising the primary energy. On the other hand, the climate change, energy insecurity and the pollution have become the major issues in managing the global energy infrastructure. Starting from the information technology and manufacturing industry, the energy consumption form the carbon fuels are increasing rapidly and the current projection indicates almost 80% increment in the energy utilisation form coal resources. However, the falling price of oil is also encouraging us to use the highest level of petroleum energy. Thus, a dilemma is occurring in the context of how to save the natural energy in the future. Considering all these aspects, the e ssay attempts to describe a clear view on the global supply and demand perspectives and which future actions are needed to be considered. A critical analysis has been made whether the legislation could address all these issues or not. Main body: The current energy demand scenario predicts that the supplies of the fossil fuels are required to achieve global energy demand. It is dependent upon production from the available reserves of coal, gas, oil which has not been placed in a distributive manner. In the words of Abbasinejad et al. (2012), the amount of the energy supply made to the global area is not proportional with the regional reserves placed for different energy types. It is significantly driven by the major socio-economic condition. The global climate change, also impacting on the supply of the fossil fuels across varied global regions. Aleklett et al. (2010) identified that the fossil fuel almost accounts for 81% primary energy supply across the globe and supposed to account for almost 8% of the fuel at the end of 2030. The report, published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) also indicated that oils share as the global primary energy supply is higher than any other natural energy resources. Although the oil price has greatly altered, oil will account for more than 30% of the global fuel supply till 2030 (refer to appendix, exhibit 1). However, the IEA statistics in the year 2009 stated that the shift in the extreme energy utilisation has been found higher in developing economies, due to which the demand is increasing rapidly. Due to the rapid industrialisation, population and the economic growth, the developing countries account for increasing the energy supply demand. The World Bank and the IEA show that primary energy demand will be increased by 90% by 2030 (www.econjournals.com, 2016). Dubash Florini (2011) also identified that the non-OECD energy demand will be increase by 73% as compared with the OECD countries, which has projected only 15% consumption amount. The significant fluctuation among the global nations is predicting higher utilisation of the energy resources and the amount will increase in the future also (refer to appendix, exhibit 2). Thus, civil cooperation will also be needed and energy saving awareness campaigns could be an effective agenda to improve the future energy supply scenario. Considering the fact, Crane et al. (2010) stated that China and India are the major consumers of utilising the greater amount of natural energies. The geography of the new energy demand growth could exe cute severe implications on the energy trading and a new financial flow pattern between the creator and users can also be arrived. Thus, understanding the global energy consumption has become a critical approach today, as it is going to impact extremely on the economic globalisation, climate change and the economic security as well (refer to appendix, exhibit 3). A large scale plan has been made to power the globe without any application of biofuels, nuclear power, or coal. The need for renewable energy is coming into the scenario to address the global energy demand by the year 2030. However, Anderson (2009) argued that almost 11% of the worlds electricity comes from the nuclear suppliers. More than 436 commercial nuclear reactors are operating across 30 countries as a source of power generation unit. Not only this, the nuclear energy presently supplies almost 20% of the UKs electricity (web.stanford.edu. 2016). However, due to the shutdown of the old plants, the degree of electricity generation has been reduced to 19%, which was more than 25% in the 1990s (web.stanford.edu. 2016). This scenario creates higher confusion among the researchers whether the nuclear power can be treated as a useful source of electricity generation unit or not. On the other hand, no permanent facility has been generated to store high level waste anywhere across the world (www.green-alliance.org.uk, 2016). The UK is not alone with this situation, even France, Finlands new reactor is also found overdue and the cost billions are more than the expected scenario. Thus, after few years of negotiation, the UK government has finally convinced EDF to invest in the nuclear energy. However, this scenario could not be the solution of other countries as well. Thus, several debates between the renewable, nuclear power and the carbon based energy production are facing large oppositions for varied reasons. Setting the priorities for energy generation will be prioritised to save the global population from the energy scarcity. Thus, it is high time to avoid options which require further development to produce optimum energy. Andresen et al. (2009) mentioned that a technology which creates zero greenhouse gas emission needs to be exploited to create sustainable energy conservation. Along with this low impact on wildlife, water and land pollution, are generation of air pollutants per unit also need to be calculated before utilising the renewable or recyclable energy. The waves, tidal, hydroelectric power needs to be utilised as a source of energy generation unit. Furthermore, the corn ethanol, nuclear reactors, etc. has been identified worse as compared to the other WWS options in terms of safeguarding the environmental impacts. Ethanol is considered as the most climate friendly sources and the same has been found to cause air pollution mortality as same as gasoline. Additionally, the use of carbon capture and the sequestration (CCS) could reduce the carbon dioxide emissions generating from the coal power plants by 90% more (www.niauk.org, 2016). On the contrary, it will increase the CO2 emission and create ecological pollution in a rapid way. Henriques et al. (2009) also mentioned that nuclear energy could have been considered as long term strategic energy resource. However, Lenzen (2008) contradicted the fact and stated that nuclear energy has put the world in a higher terrorism risk and the weapon development capacity has been enhanced as well. Considering the future demand of energy consumption, if the world attempts to convert electrolytic hydrocarbon by 2030, almost 11.5 TW power demand will result. Satisfying this power demand is complex and it would require 15,800 850 MW nuclear power plants across the globe (Tucker, 2014). The second most vital issue is that the nuclear energy results almost 10-25 times greater carbon emission from the uranium compared to the wind energy (Ramana, 2009). The overall installation and the operational tenure for the nuclear power plants have been found 11-20 years, while the solar or wind installations take only 2-5 years for delivering power energy. Thus, it is high time to use wind, solar, wave, geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal, and CSP to deliver electricity across the globe without generating higher environmental pollution. Similar sort of discussions were held in Paris Summit in the year 2015, where 196 countries participated. The outcome of the summit indicated new hope to bring mass benefits to the natural environment through avoiding the degradation of the ecosystem and the biodiversity loss. The role of public finance has come into the scenario to redirect the private capital towards low carbon investments. The UN convention has prioritised, not only the climate c hanges, but also to the active participation of the global population to safe the excessive utilisation of the global energy (Rothkopf , 2007).The Climate change act 2008 was first imposed in the UK, for setting statutory targets to reduce the carbon emission. Gradually, according to the climate change act 2008, Mexico has adopted General Law on the Climate Change, Nigeria also applied National Climate Change and Response Strategy, followed by China, who will also shortly consult on the similar set of laws (www.econjournals.com, 2016). Around 88% of the global emissions are represented by 66 countries and all have introduced separate Climate legislations across the nation. The present energy scarcity indicates that it is high time for the global inhabitants to come up with lesser consumption of the energy and try to avoid unnecessary utilisation of electricity of oil energy. There is no time to wait for a long time when the oil price will rise and the global warming will drive the actions. Instead, proper knowledge, following environmental pollution act and nominal usage of the natural resources are needed to be maintained, so that the future world can feel the benefit of saving energy. The international agreement based upon the Paris Summit can be helpful in managing the energy availability as it allows the countries to push ahead with the strategies of low carbon emissions. It also provides a framework for low carbon economy and especially law has been enforced to the developing economies to adopt low carbon emission strategies to protect the natural environment. Thus, extreme cooperation of the general public needs to attain a prosperous future. Part 2: For the manufacturing or commercial company, energy saving option has become a major CSR agenda which is done by cheap electricity usage of costs. The lighting, heating cooling, hot water, refrigeration and business requirement needs to be technologically advanced to consume lesser electrical power. For instance, the air conditioner manufacturing companies like Samsung, Godrej, etc. have started making split AC to reduce the maximum capacity of the AC. It provides higher energy savings than the normal mode. The five star rating of Samsung provides optimum energy saving options to the global users. On the other hand, Wadia et al. (2009) mentioned that the global manufacturers, who have not initiated energy saving options, are extremely needed to control energy conservation by advancing the technology. The energy saving option can be started with the following steps: Metering the energy consumption and data collection Identify the scopes to save energy in terms of food processing or manufacturing of the products. Replacing the present equipment with low energy consumption instruments. Finally, tracking your progress by identifying your power meter to check how much the energy saving options has worked. Additionally, Lenzen (2008) mentioned that global warming and the increased energy demand has enforced legal actions to establish long tern energy consumption program. Formal documentations such as energy saving outlook need to be published on the corporate sustainability report. First of all, an agreement needs to be made with the energy sources such as suppliers and the power stations so that renewable energy can be used to meet the global demand. On the other hand, other techniques and the approval need to be taken from the end of the higher management (Tucker, 2014).This scenario becomes more crucial in the aviation industry, as it consumes more power. The resource establishment, data collection and the overall demonstration process needs to be managed as per the environmental law published by the local governments. Thus, companys agreement with the government needs to be briefed within the energy conservation proposal. Finally, a formal documentation process needs to be carried to make the stakeholders aware regarding the energy saving proposed solutions. This could bring higher authentic and mutual readiness within the modern day organisations. Conclusion: The energy consumption process has shown optimum dynamism recently, as the economic growth and the global population are getting fluctuated rapidly. However, to manage the future sustainability, the energy production pattern is also changing with the advancement of the technology. As the oil only offers 30% of the total energy, meeting the demand for the social and economic activities might not be feasible. The overestimations of some areas have generated greater anxiety among the global countries. Thus, the cartograms need to be employed by the nations to improve the energy visualisation effect. As a consequence, a dynamic relationship can be formed within the energy production and the changing energy demand of the global population. References: Abbasinejad, H., Gudarzi Farahani, Y., Asghari Ghara, E. (2012). Energy consumption in Iran with Bayesian approach 1. OPEC Energy Review, 36(4), 444-455. Aleklett, K., Hook, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S. Soderbergh, B. (2010). The peak of the oil age analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008, Energy Policy, 38, 1198414 Anderson, L.G. (2009) Ethanol fuel use in Brazil: air quality impacts. Energy and Environmental Science, 2, 10151037 Andresen, M.A., Wuschke, K., Kinney, J.B., Brantingham, P.J. Brantingham, P.L. (2009) Cartograms, Crime, and Location Quotients, Crime Patterns and Analysis, 2(1), 31-46 Commmunications, S. (2016). Stanford University. Web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://web.stanford.edu/ Crane, H., Kinderman, E., Malhotra, R. (2010). A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. Dubash, N., Florini, A. (2011). Mapping Global Energy Governance. Global Policy, 2, 6-18. EconJournals.com. (2016). Econjournals.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://www.econjournals.com/ Green Alliance Home. (2016). Green-alliance.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://www.green-alliance.org.uk Henriques, R., Bacao, F. and Lobo, V. (2009) Carto-SOM: Cartogram Creation Using Self-Organizing Maps, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(4), 483511 Lenzen, M., (2008) Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: a review. Energy Conversion Management, 49, 21782199 Powney, D. (2016). Facts and Information for Nuclear Energy. Niauk.org. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://www.niauk.org/facts-and-information-for-nuclear-energy Ramana, M.V., (2009). Nuclear power: economic, safety, health, and environmental issues of near-term technologies, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34, 127152 Rothkopf, G. (2007). A blueprint for green energy in the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. Tucker, R. (2014). Sunny outlook for global solar market. Renewable Energy Focus, 15(2), 1. Wadia, C., Alivisatos, A.P. Kammen, D.M., (2009). Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photo voltaics deployment. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 20722077

Desdemona and Emilia in Othello Essay Example For Students

Desdemona and Emilia in Othello Essay Each individual has a different opinion on what love is, but it is amazing how these opinions differ between Desdemona and Emilia in William Shakespeare s, Othello. Othello is a play written about love, betrayal and relationships, and each character has a strong opinion on how a relationship should be. Although they all have different opinions, the one s of Desdemona and Emilia seem to be the most interesting as well as the complete opposites of each other. Both married, they have completely different standards for their husbands and one would be surprised to hear their definitions on love. It is shocking to see that marriage to one person is purely physical attraction, while another thinks of marriage as the most sacred bond. It is very interesting to see what a wide spectrum of opinions people have on love. Unlike most women, Emilia thinks of love in a souly physical way. Typically, men usually are the ones to have these opinions of woman, yet Emilia very strongly feels that as long as she is physically satisfied, that is all she needs. She doesn t look for emotional support in a man; Emilia tends to look to other woman for that kind of support. In Emilia s opinion, men are useless for anything other than sex. Let husbands know their wives have sense like them, they see, and smell, and have their palates both for sweet and sour as husbands have. (4,3,92) Out of this quote one can see that she believes that sex is all men want from woman as will. She believes that sex is the only thing a man and a woman owe to one another and everything else can be dealt with by someone of the same sex. Emilia has some very interesting views on love as appose to Desdemona who has a much more meaningful opinion of love and the importance of it. In Othello, the character of Desdemona is very devoted to her husband. She feels that love is a very deep emotion between two people. Like Emilia Desdemona does feel that the physical aspect of love is important, yet she feels that to be entirely in love there is a much stronger and deeper connection. Completely devoted to her husband, she defends him even while accusing her of being unfaithful. In Desdemona s view she feels that complete and total devotion is the only way to show her love for here husband. I do perceive here a divided duty. To you I am bound for life and education, my life and education both do learn me how to respect you. 1,3,179) Desdemona doesn t only take love seriously, she takes it to such a great extent that she is willing to die for the ones she loves. Not only do the two woman’s thoughts on love differ, but their thoughts on men in general also are quite different. There is no better way to describe Emilia s view on men other than to say men are pigs! She has absolutely no respect for men, as does she feel that men feel the same way about woman. It seems as if she has awful experiences with men in her past, for she is always very bitter while speaking of them. Tis not a year or two shows us a man. They are all but stomachs, and we all but food; they eat us hungrily, and when they are full, they belch us. Not once in the play does she show some real respect for a man. She doesn t believe they are worth being respected. Once again Desdemona s opinion on the topic of men has a very different response. Through Desdemona s eyes men are above woman and deserve to be treated with the up most respect. She will let men walk all over her and never talk back to them. To her she is lucky to be married to a man, while Emilia doesn t even care. She was brought up believing that men over power woman and that that s the way it should be.